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Hossaini D. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Their Influence on Gene Expression. KJMS 2025; 10 (19) :22-32
URL: http://kjms.knu.edu.af/article-1-75-en.html

The human gut microbiota comprises trillions of microorganisms that exert profound effects on human health and disease. This complex ecosystem includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, all of which play essential roles in metabolic processes, immune regulation, and even cancer development. The balance among microbial species—particularly the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes—has been linked to metabolic and inflammatory disorders, as well as carcinogenesis.
Gut microbiota influence host gene expression primarily through the production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites can activate cellular signaling pathways and regulate the expression of genes involved in immune response and metabolism. For instance, SCFAs are known to enhance the expression of anti-inflammatory genes, thereby protecting against chronic diseases and cancer.
Microbial dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in the composition of gut microbiota, can lead to increased inflammation and the development of various cancers, including colorectal cancer. Certain bacterial species such as Fusobacterium nucleatum contribute to tumor progression by creating pro-inflammatory environments and altering the expression of tumor-related genes.
Therefore, investigating the relationship between gut microbiota and human gene expression, especially in the context of cancer, can provide deeper insights into disease mechanisms and help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Maintaining microbial balance and understanding its impact on gene regulation are crucial for future advancements in disease prevention and treatment.